#Zaitoon ka encyclopedia urdu pdf book how to#

The new Encyclopædia of Islam was apparently begun without much systematic planning, has been published at a snail’s pace for decades, and has changed considerably in its scope and implementation over the years. Otherwise, they are markedly different works.

#Zaitoon ka encyclopedia urdu pdf book how to#

They also have both had to face certain technical difficulties in presentation, such as which system of transliteration to employ, whether to translate or transliterate entry titles, and how to handle cross-referencing.

The Encyclopædia Iranica and the Encyclopædia of Islam overlap to a degree in the topics they cover, and both are similar in their format. The Encyclopædia Iranica is in a sense the most recent and arguably the most successful effort to compensate for some of the perceived inadequacies of the Encyclopædia of Islam. It has long been apparent that the Encyclopædia of Islam, despite its many merits, does not and perhaps cannot meet the expectations raised by its title: A truly encyclopaedic, comprehensive, scholarly treatment of a subject as vast and complex as “Islam” is inherently as elusive a goal as would be a project of similar high scholarship on all the peoples, lands, and cultures of “Christendom.” The resulting unevenness in its coverage of many areas inspired the production of a number of other reference works to complement, or to compete with, the Encyclopædia of Islam by recasting it in one way or another, including not only Turkish, Urdu, and Shiʿite counterparts, but also a new edition of the original Encyclopædia of Islam itself.

Knowledgeable readers will immediately recognize that the “important gap” which the Encyclopædia Iranica was intended to fill is the one left open by the venerable Encyclopædia of Islam, the reference work to which the Encyclopædia Iranica is most directly comparable. It aims at filling an important gap in the range of available reference sources which deal with the history and culture of the Middle East.” To meet that goal, the Encyclopædia Iranica aims to include scholarly articles related to “Iranian culture in a broad context and the reciprocal influences between Persia and its neighbors” during a time period extending “from pre-history to the present.” 1-3): “The Encyclopædia Iranica is designed as a research tool responding to the needs of scholars, specialists, and students in Iranian studies and related fields. The purpose and principles of the Encyclopædia Iranica are succinctly established and stated in the introduction by the editor, Ehsan Yarshater (I, pp. The published volumes have clearly established the Encyclopædia Iranica as a reference work of utmost importance on all topics having to do with Persia and Persian culture and the Iranian civilization. and volumes five, six and seven by Mazda Publishers, volumes eight, nine and ten by Bibliotecha Persica Press, and volumes eleven through sixteen by Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Inc. The first four volumes were published by Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd. As of August 2020, 16 bound volumes and almost 9,000 articles have appeared in print and online. The first fascicle appeared in 1982, and the first bound volume in 1985, under the editorship of Yarshater and with the assistance of a distinguished editorial and advisory board. Yarshater, however, was able to make other arrangements to keep the parallel Encyclopædia Iranica project going.

The 1978-79 Revolution effectively ended the Dāneš-nāma, although in 1992 it resumed publication in a radically different form. The new work, the Encyclopædia Iranica, would be completely differentiated from the Encyclopædia of Islam since it would consist entirely of new articles. Meanwhile, Yarshater, the founder, editor-in-chief and guiding spirit of the project, proposed in 1972 that an English language counterpart to the Dāneš-nāma be produced and obtained funding for this purpose. Publication of the expanded Encyclopædia, known as the Dāneš-nāma-ye Īrān wa Eslām (q.v.) began in 1354 Š./1975 and 10 fascicles were issued before the project was suspended in 1980 as a result of the political upheaval in Persia. Since the treatment of various Persian topics in the Encyclopædia of Islam was regarded as inadequate, the proposed translation was also to contain supplementary new articles to correct these deficiencies, somewhat on the model of the Türk İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Institute for Translation and Publication of Books), for a Persian translation of the new edition of the Encyclopædia of Islam.

The Encyclopædia Iranica grew out of an idea proposed in 1969 by Ehsan Yarshater, director of the Bongāh-e tarjoma wa našr-e ketāb (q.v. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA, an alphabetically arranged reference work which seeks to provide scholarly articles relating to “all aspects of Iranian life and culture.”